https://scieclouds.com/ojsnew/index.php/sj <p><strong>Journal of Asian-african Focus</strong> <strong>in Health ISSN (2987-9418)</strong> is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication devoted to Medical and Health Science Study including Health, Veterinary medicine, Health Care, Pathology, Pediatrics, Nursing, Public health and preventive medicine, etc. The journal's submissions will be evaluated with a blind review process. Sciemedica Journal is published by Pemuda Peduli Publikasi Insan Ilmiah Scieclouds Publishing of one volume a year.</p> ScieClouds Publishing en-US Journal of Asian-african Focus in Health 2987-9418 https://scieclouds.com/ojsnew/index.php/sj/article/view/1162 <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular complications. Advances in antihyperglycemic therapy have demonstrated that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 receptor agonists) not only improve glycemic control but also play an important role in preventing cardiovascular complications. However, evidence regarding their mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and roles in cardiovascular prevention remains scattered across the literature. Objective of the research to review the current scientific evidence regarding the role of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on published studies. This study employed a narrative literature review using a systematic literature search approach. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database for articles published between 2021 and 2026, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 15 eligible articles were included, comprising randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and post-hoc analyses. Results of the research showed that the synthesis of the included studies demonstrated that SGLT2 inhibitors consistently reduced the risk of hospitalization for heart failure, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), cardiovascular mortality, and the progression of chronic kidney disease. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor agonists were more effective in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular events through improvements in vascular function and metabolic risk factors. Several studies also suggested that combination therapy with both drug classes may provide greater cardiorenal benefits than monotherapy. SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists have complementary roles in preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic selection should be individualized according to patients' clinical characteristics and cardiovascular risk profiles to optimize cardiorenal outcomes.</p> Saffanah Rizkah Muttaqinah Anwar Prema Hapsari Hidayati Pratiwi Nasir Hamzah Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Asian-african Focus in Health https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 2026-09-10 2026-09-10 4 3 15 26 10.71435/741778 https://scieclouds.com/ojsnew/index.php/sj/article/view/1163 <p>High sugar intake, particularly from added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverages, is known to contribute to the increasing prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance, which are risk factors for various metabolic diseases. The Objective of the review to determine the relationship between high sugar intake and insulin resistance in obesity based on published research findings. This study used a literature review method by searching articles through the PubMed databases published between 2021 and 2026. Article selection was conducted based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, resulting in 12 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Literature synthesis demonstrates that high sugar consumption, particularly liquid fructose, drives insulin resistance through hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), accumulation of toxic plasma ceramides, low-grade systemic inflammation (elevated CRP and IL-6), gut microbiota dysbiosis, and altered expression of lipogenic genes (e.g., MEG3 and FTO). Isocaloric fructose restriction studies showed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity and reduction of hepatic fat, independent of substantial weight loss. Furthermore, a bidirectional vicious cycle exists where higher baseline insulin resistance reinforces sensory preferences for sugar-sweetened foods. There is a strong and causal relationship between high sugar intake and insulin resistance in obesity, mediated by complex molecular and metabolic pathways. Restricting added sugar intake, especially from sugar-sweetened beverages, is highly recommended as a primary prevention and clinical management strategy for obesity.</p> Putri Sakinah Alsia Rumakat Prema Hapsari Hidayati Darariani Iskandar Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Asian-african Focus in Health https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 2026-09-10 2026-09-10 4 3 1 14 10.71435/741774